Types of Heating Oil in the UK: What You Need to Know
Heating oil is an important source of fuel for many households and businesses across the UK, particularly in rural areas where access to mains gas is limited or unavailable. It is stored in tanks on-site and used to power oil-fired boilers and heaters that provide warmth and hot water. While heating oil is a common energy source, there are different types available, each with unique characteristics, uses, and regulations. Understanding these differences can help consumers choose the right fuel for their needs and make informed decisions about cost and environmental impact.
What Is Heating Oil?
Heating oil is a refined petroleum product derived from crude oil. It is specifically processed for use in heating systems and is similar to diesel fuel but refined to different standards to ensure it burns efficiently and cleanly. Delivered in bulk to homes and businesses, heating oil is stored in tanks and consumed as needed.
The Main Types of Heating Oil in the UK
In the UK, two main types of heating oil dominate the market: Kerosene (28-second oil) and Gas Oil (35-second oil or red diesel). These types differ primarily in viscosity, price, taxation, and intended application.
1. Kerosene (28-Second Oil)
Kerosene is the most commonly used heating oil for domestic purposes in the UK. The 28-second oil label refers to its viscosity it flows through a test nozzle in approximately 28 seconds at 20C.
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Usage: Kerosene is predominantly used in residential heating systems such as oil-fired boilers and heaters.
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Advantages: It burns cleaner than heavier oils, producing fewer particulates and less soot, which helps maintain boiler efficiency and reduces maintenance needs.
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Cost: Kerosene is usually more expensive than gas oil because it is taxed at a higher rate.
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Environmental Impact: Though a fossil fuel, kerosene produces fewer emissions and particulates compared to heavier oils, making it a relatively cleaner option for home heating.
2. Gas Oil (35-Second Oil or Red Diesel)
Gas oil, often called red diesel due to the red dye added to identify it for taxation purposes, is thicker and less refined than kerosene. Its viscosity means it takes about 35 seconds to flow through the test nozzle.
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Usage: Gas oil is mainly used in commercial, agricultural, and industrial heating systems, as well as some machinery and vehicles.
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Advantages: It is cheaper than kerosene because it attracts a lower fuel duty.
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Cost: Gas oil offers cost savings but is generally not permitted for domestic heating use due to tax regulations.
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Environmental Impact: Gas oil produces more soot and particulates, which can increase maintenance requirements and contribute to higher emissions.
The Rise of Bioheating Oil
With increasing environmental awareness and government incentives for greener energy, bioheating oil has become more popular. This fuel is a blend of traditional heating oil and renewable biofuels derived from vegetable oils or animal fats.
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Benefits: Bioheating oil reduces carbon emissions and can often be used in existing oil boilers without modification.
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Availability: Many suppliers offer blends containing up to 30% biofuel, helping consumers lower their carbon footprint while using familiar equipment.
Regulations and Safety
Kerosene is the only heating oil legally approved for most domestic heating systems in the UK. Gas oil use is restricted to commercial and agricultural sectors. Proper storage in certified tanks is essential to prevent leaks and ensure safety. Regular maintenance of boilers and tanks is recommended to maximize efficiency and minimize risk.
Conclusion
For domestic heating in the UK, kerosene remains the preferred heating oil due to its cleaner burning properties and regulatory approval. Gas oil is primarily reserved for commercial and agricultural use, benefiting from lower costs but higher emissions. Bioheating oil offers a greener alternative that supports environmental goals while working with existing heating systems. Understanding the types of heating oil helps consumers make informed choices about cost, efficiency, and environmental impact.
